Translated from Portuguese into English by Gustavo Costa (Duolingo: gusbemacbe)
1) What is the significance of logic in the philosophical concept and what is its importance in our daily life?
In my philosophical concept, the logic is self-education and self-discipline that allows to analyse and study the arguments and see which ones are valid and others are invalid in order to refute, to justify, to agree and correct. The logic is very important because it helps us to get smarter and more resistant against the arguments and the imposition of opinions contrary to our conscience, to our intelligence and our humanism.
2) Talk about the logical thought of Heraclitus and Parmenides and why the conflict between the two logical thoughts generated in ancient Greece.
a) Heraclitus argued that the union means the disunion and the disunion means the union, which is abstract and changeable looking for a true essence, and constitutes the logic as a result of a universal law of changes, which cause disunions, which make them difficult to reconcile, and he considers it as natural, but we are in the illusion.
b) Parmenides analysed the arguments of Heraclitus and disagreed, arguing, and proving to be a realist. He argued that the union becoming the disunion is invalid because just as the darkness does not become the light, and other pairs of opposites, light and heavy, dense and subtle, passive and active, earth and fire, hot and cold, etc. Parmenides connected to the light, or positive, and its opposite, the darkness, or negative. In this selection of opposites, Parmenides concluded that the arrangement for a free logical thought without non-fundamental intuitions is one of the characteristics for the logic.
3) Talk about the Platonic dialectical and Aristotelian analytics and the difference between them.
According to the source of a book of the article about the Platonic dialectics, it is quoted: “The dialectic of Plato is born from the fusion between the thesis and the antithesis, which has become a new thesis, and so on in an eternal dialectical movement of conciliation between the opposite and complementary ideas.” But according to my logical, philosophical and sociological concept, only the Platonic dialectic is impossible in some cases, such as atheists and Christians, conservatives and liberals, right followers and left followers, homosexuals and heterosexuals, do not want to reconcile, for being too narrow-minded and closed-minded and having ideas incompatible with each other and they have always had many problems and failed to solve the problems and to get ideas to agree or combine well with each other.
So the Aristotelian logic says the contrary, here are small contributions, such as the formal separation of speeches, ideas and thoughts to analyse and validate or not, and to refute, contradict and correct what they see as invalid, which cause conflicts and confusion in people who have opposing ideas and thoughts, preventing the reconciliation between them. For example, when a Christian uses an ad hominem to attack a skeptical or scientist, giving a misinterpretation that Galileo was not burned nor condemned by the Catholic Inquisition, but the skeptical or scientist resolves to correct and refute his fallacy, presenting an original proof that Galileo was condemned anyway because he used the heliocentrism, contradicting the Bible and the Catholic Church, making the Catholic Church uncomfortable and that does not accept to be questioned.
4) Remembering Descartes, what do you mean “I think, therefore I am”? Reflect
It is the certainty of doubt, I doubt everything to build closer to the rationalist certainty and the only way to get some certainty is doubting, and investigating the doubts which I am aware of myself.
5) Why, according to Descartes, should not we completely trust in the feelings?
→ Our feelings deceive us, and for deceiving us, it can not create a certainty, this is the essence of the argument of Plantinga against the naturalism.
→ Descartes spoke of a mischievous intelligence that could put him in doubt about anything. The problem is that he is dualistic to admit that the mind can be separated from the body, so that he can think without bodies just thinking without existing. And if he talks about trusting the feelings, firstly they always do not succeed, and in the second, then he encouraged the non-metaphysical thought.
6) Talk about ethics and morality and make a comparison between them.
Ethics is bending over the morality, reflecting the morality guide while the morality guides the actions of the man stuck to his time and his place.
7) Submit an ethical solution to the conflict between North and South Koreas.
For the Platonic dialectics, China is still a communist country and faced the changes that have come in recent decades and prepared for them, annexed Hong Kong and Macau, which are capitalist regions, if China had reconciled with US and integrated capitalism in the country, still keeping communism or socialism, but it limits freedom and individual rights. As a result, North and South Koreas should follow the example of China and reconcile in a platonic way to resolve the conflicts and adapt to the changes. If North Korea does not want to change, North Korea will risk a lot to be wiped out in name of the morality.
8) What is the purpose of the virtues according to Aristotle? Because they are not considered the way of the happiness?
I consider this one of the Aristotelian the best concept of happiness. He spoke that for the person being happy, she should look for two things. Doing good and rising intellectually. Only then it reaches the true happiness. Happiness is not pleasure, is not buying a 50-inch TV.
9) While the defects studied in class? Is it easy to fight against them? Why?
If you are invaded by the negative feelings or negative defects as if everything was negative, then the evil is certainly inside you and you project it in order that it surround you and everything becomes bad and negative. If you remove the evil where it is really in you, you can send away and expel evil from you and you can believe in life and happiness, and you will return to love the neighbours and they will be interested in you and come back to you. Work on oneself is a difficult thing, but very positive, no other can do you in his place!
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